Last Updated on 2023-11-21 by admin
在托福考試中，考生會遇到各式各樣的學術型題目，文學（literature）就是常見的主題之一。這次Altas101要跟大家介紹自然主義文學，還有相關的托福單字，幫助考生增加相關單字之餘，也能對該主題有更多的認識。
托福背景知識與托福單字
- Influence of Scientific Advancements on Naturalism Literature（科學進步對自然主義文學的影響）:
Naturalism literature emerged at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, heavily influenced by scientific developments of the time, especially the theories of biology and genetics.（自然主義文學出現於19世紀末20世紀初，深受當時科學發展的影響，特別是生物學和遺傳學理論。）
- emerge (v.) – 出現，崛起
- biology (n.) – 生物學
- genetics (n.) – 遺傳學
- Characteristics and Themes of Naturalism Literature（自然主義文學的特徵與主題）:
Emphasizing extreme realism, it highlights the constraints of human behavior by biological and environmental factors. The works explore the insignificance of humans in the face of nature and the impact of societal conditions on individual destinies.（強調極端現實主義，突顯生物和環境因素對人類行為的限制。 這些作品探討了人類在自然面前的渺小以及社會條件對個人命運的影響。）
- constraint (n.) – 限制
- insignificance (n.) – 無足輕重，微不足道
- societal (adj.) – 社會的
- Connection and Impact of Naturalism Literature on Modernism（自然主義文學與現代主義的連結與影響）:
Naturalism laid the foundation for realism, and modernism, building upon this foundation, further challenged literary traditions. Both emphasize the in-depth exploration of the internal psychological world and critical reflection on society.（自然主義為寫實主義奠定了基礎，而現代主義則在此基礎上進一步挑戰文學傳統。 兩者都強調對內在心理世界的深入探索和對社會的批判性反思。）
- realism (n.) – 寫實主義
- modernism (n.) – 現代主義
- in-depth (adj.) – 深入的
文章閱讀：自然主義文學
Naturalism in literature emerged at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, deeply influenced by the advancements in science, particularly the theories of biology and genetics. This literary movement emphasizes extreme realism in depicting reality and highlights how human behavior is constrained by the biological environment and genetic foundation.（自然主義文學於19世紀末20世紀初崛起，深受當時科學進步的影響，尤其是生物學和遺傳學的理論。這一文學運動強調對現實的極度描寫，並突顯了人類行為受到生物環境和遺傳基礎的制約。）
Works of naturalism often explore the insignificance of humanity in the face of natural forces and the impact of the environment on individual destinies. This ideology is deeply rooted in the developments of biology and genetics during that time, asserting that human behavior and destiny are governed by physiological and environmental factors. The works often present extreme realism, portraying the harsh realities of society and its lower-class individuals.（自然主義文學的作品常探討人類在自然力面前的渺小，以及生存環境對個體命運的影響。這種思想深深植根於當時生物學和遺傳學的發展，認為人的行為和命運受到生理和環境因素的支配。作品中經常呈現出極端的現實主義，描繪社會的底層人物和環境的殘酷。）
Characteristics of naturalism in literature include a pessimistic view of human nature, depictions of the lives of socially disadvantaged groups, and complex psychological portrayals of characters. The works typically engage in a calm and objective observation of social phenomena, revealing a stern understanding of human nature.（自然主義文學的特色包括對人性的悲觀看法，描繪社會弱勢群體的生活，以及複雜的人物心理描寫。作品通常對社會現象進行冷靜而客觀的觀察，展現出一種對人性的冷峻了解。）
自然主義文學與現代主義
There is a close connection between naturalism in literature and modernism. Naturalism laid the foundation for realism, and modernism further challenged literary traditions. Both movements emphasize a deep exploration of the internal psychological world, experimentation with form and structure, and critical reflections on society.（自然主義文學和現代主義之間存在著緊密的聯繫。自然主義奠定了對真實主義的基礎，而現代主義則在此基礎上進一步挑戰文學傳統。兩者都強調對內在心理世界的深度挖掘，對形式和結構的實驗，以及對社會的批判性反思。）
French writer Émile Zola is one of the prominent figures of naturalism in literature, with works like “Germinal” receiving widespread acclaim for its vivid descriptions and societal observations. Guy de Maupassant, known for works such as “The Necklace,” showcased the unique charm of naturalism in literature through his short stories.（法國作家左拉（Émile Zola）是自然主義文學的代表人物之一，他的作品《萌芽》（Germinal）等以其生動的描寫和社會觀察受到廣泛讚譽。莫泊桑（Guy de Maupassant）則以《珠寶》（The Necklace）等短篇小說展現了自然主義文學的獨特魅力。）
This wave of naturalism influenced subsequent literary movements, especially modernism. Modernist writers inherited the realistic spirit of naturalism while daringly innovating in both form and content, bringing new possibilities to literature.（這股自然主義的潮流影響了後來的文學運動，特別是現代主義。現代主義作家繼承了自然主義的寫實精神，同時在形式和內容上更加大膽創新，為文學帶來新的可能性。）
TOEFL iBT托福考試從聽力、閱讀、寫作和口說，全方位評估考生的英文能力，加上題目內容橫跨多個學科領域，更考驗考生平日累積的實力。在你準備托福的過程中，如果碰到何種疑惑或困難，歡迎隨時與我們聯絡！Atlas101線上托福課程的專業教師團隊，將協助你事半功倍，取得好成績！！
資料來源：網路整理
