Last Updated on 2024-04-25 by admin
今天Atlas101將和大家分享「決策心理學」相關的背景知識，從人類進化的觀點，了解我們是如何下決定，過程中可能會受到哪些認知偏誤！！
托福（TOEFL iBT）考試內容包羅萬象，舉凡生物學、天文學、文學和歷史等等。所以，在準備托福考試的時候，多讀一些不同領域的英文文章可是相當重要！！
如果您想更有系統性地學習托福的背景知識，讓閱讀和聽力進步，歡迎進一步Atlas101線上托福課程。課程不僅可以強化您的閱讀和聽力能力，還有專業老師提供一對一的指導，幫助你的托福口說和寫作進步，更輕鬆、更有信心地拿下托福考試。馬上聯絡我們！
主題摘要與托福單字
✔️An Evolutionary Perspective on Decision Making （決策的進化觀點）
As humans undergo evolution, they develop a cognitive mechanism called “heuristics” to facilitate quick decision-making in situations of information scarcity.（隨著人類的進化，人們發展了一種稱為「啟發式」的認知機制，以促進在資訊稀缺的情況下快速決策。）
- cognitive (adj.) – 認知的
- mechanism (n.) – 機制
- heuristics (n.) – 啟發式
- scarcity (n.) – 缺乏，不足
✔️Challenges in Decision-Making（決策中的挑戰）:
Even though using “heuristics” makes decision-making simpler without diving into complex information, there are some downsides when it comes to deciding. We face issues like framing effects, biases in how we use information, judgment problems, and looking back at decisions after the fact.（儘管使用「啟發式」可以使決策變得更簡單，而無需深入研究複雜的訊息，但在決策時也存在一些缺點。 我們面臨框架效應、資訊使用方式偏見、判斷問題、事後回顧決策等問題。）
- downsides (n.) – 不利因素
- framing effect(n.) – 框架效應
- biases (n.) – 偏見
延伸閱讀：The Psychology of Decision Making
In the field of decision-making psychology, a distinct perspective challenges the assumption of inherent irrationality in individuals. It underscores a unique logic shaped by evolutionary pressures and resource scarcity, leading to the development of cognitive mechanisms known as heuristics. These heuristics aim to facilitate swift decision-making without the luxury of exhaustive analysis.
“Heuristics” denotes cognitive shortcuts or mental strategies enabling individuals to make quick, efficient decisions in situations with limited resources. Developed through evolutionary processes, heuristics serve as practical rules of thumb rather than relying on formal logic or exhaustive analysis. They are intuitive approaches honed to navigate complex decision environments, emphasizing rapid responses over detailed evaluations or reliance on past experiences.
Decision-makers confront limitations in time and resources, necessitating the deployment of heuristics as tools for simplification. Despite conscious efforts towards formal rationality, the adoption of simplifying assumptions and constraints on information availability persists. Noteworthy traps emerge in decision-making processes, such as framing effects, biases in information usage, problems of judgment, and post-decision evaluations.
The framing of a problem profoundly influences decision-making outcomes. Whether presented as likelihoods of death or saving lives in medical contexts or as gains or losses in financial decisions, framing effects shape risk aversion or risk-taking behaviors.
The cognitive overload experienced in processing sensory information necessitates filtering and prioritization. While this adaptive process enables functionality in daily life, it introduces biases such as overconfidence and a resistance to updating judgments as new information surfaces.
Aiming to preserve self-esteem and a sense of control, decision-makers exhibit the fundamental attribution bias, attributing positive outcomes to personal actions and negative outcomes to external factors. This inclination, while protective of self-esteem, may hinder learning and impede corrective actions.
托福TOEFL iBT考試內容涵蓋各種學術領域的主題，Atlas101線上托福課程有閱讀、聽力系統訓練，提供各種背景知識文章與聽力素材。另有專業老師一對一教你托福口說跟寫作！！如果你想了解更多，或安排體驗課程，歡迎隨時聯絡我們！
- 延伸閱讀：【Atlas101托福背景知識】CRISPR-Cas9基因編輯技術
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- 延伸閱讀：掌握托福考試流程！從考前準備、考試日程到常見問題全解析
Atlas101祝大家都能高分通過托福考試！
延伸閱讀中文翻譯
在決策心理學領域，一個獨特的觀點挑戰了對個人固有非理性的假設。它強調了由進化壓力和資源匱乏所塑造的獨特邏輯，促使認知機制（即啟發式）的發展，旨在在不進行詳盡分析的情況下促進快速決策。
「啟發式」指的是使個體能夠在資源有限的情境中迅速、有效地做出決策的認知快捷方式或心理策略。這些啟發法是透過演化過程發展而來的實用法則，不同於形式邏輯或詳盡分析的依賴。它們是直覺方法，經過磨練以應對複雜的決策環境，強調快速反應而非詳細評估或過度依賴過去經驗。
決策者面臨時間和資源的限制，必須利用啟發式作為簡化工具。儘管努力實現正式合理性，但簡化假設和資訊可用性的限制仍然存在。值得注意的是，在決策過程中會出現一些陷阱，例如框架效應、資訊使用的偏差、判斷問題和決策後的評估。
對問題的框架方式深刻地影響著決策結果。無論是在醫學上將問題呈現為患者生死的可能性，還是在財務決策中將問題呈現為收益或損失，框架效應都塑造了風險回避或冒險行為。
處理感官信息時所經歷的認知過載需要過濾和優先排序。雖然這種適應性過程在日常生活中實現了功能，但它也引入了一些偏見，例如過度自信和抵制更新判斷以適應新信息的抵抗。
為了保持自尊和對環境的掌控感，決策者展現了基本歸因偏差，將正面結果歸因於個人行為，將負面結果歸因於外部因素。儘管這種傾向有助於保護自尊心，但可能阻礙學習並妨礙糾正行動。
